New research from the global health system Cleveland Clinic shows that erythritol, a popular artificial sweetener, is associated with an increased risk of heart attack and stroke. The findings were published this week in Nature Medicine.
Artificial sweetener can elevate your risk for a cardiac event
Researchers studied over 4,000 people in the U.S. and Europe and found those with higher blood erythritol levels were at elevated risk of experiencing major adverse cardiac events such as heart attack, stroke, or death.
They also examined the effects of adding erythritol to either whole blood or isolated platelets, which are cell fragments that clump together to stop bleeding and contribute to blood clots. Results revealed that erythritol made platelets easier to activate and form a clot. Pre-clinical studies confirmed ingestion of erythritol heightened clot formation.
“Sweeteners like erythritol, have rapidly increased in popularity in recent years, but there needs to be more in-depth research into their long-term effects,” said senior author Stanley Hazen, M.D., Ph.D., chairman of the Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences in Lerner Research Institute and co-section head of Preventive Cardiology at Cleveland Clinic.
“Cardiovascular disease builds over time, and heart disease is the leading cause of death globally. We need to make sure the foods we eat aren’t hidden contributors.”
Artificial sweeteners have been touted as a healthy option for sugar, but is it true?
Artificial sweeteners, such as erythritol, are common replacements for table sugar in low-calorie, low-carbohydrate, and “keto” products. Sugar-free products containing erythritol are often recommended for people with obesity, diabetes, or metabolic syndrome who are looking for options to help manage their sugar or calorie intake. People with these conditions are also at higher risk for adverse cardiovascular events like heart attack and stroke.
Erythritol is about 70% as sweet as sugar and is produced through fermenting corn. After ingestion, erythritol is poorly metabolized by the body. Instead, it goes into the bloodstream and leaves the body mainly through urine. The human body creates low amounts of erythritol naturally, so any additional consumption can accumulate.
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Measuring artificial sweeteners is difficult and labeling requirements are minimal and often do not list individual compounds. Erythritol is “Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS)” by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which means there is no requirement for long-term safety studies.
Key highlights from the study
The authors note the importance of follow-up studies to confirm their findings in the general population. The study had several limitations, including that clinical observation studies demonstrate association and not causation.
“Our study shows that when participants consumed an artificially sweetened beverage with an amount of erythritol found in many processed foods, markedly elevated levels in the blood are observed for days – levels well above those observed to enhance clotting risks,” said Dr. Hazen. “It is important that further safety studies are conducted to examine the long-term effects of artificial sweeteners in general, and erythritol specifically, on risks for heart attack and stroke, particularly in people at higher risk for cardiovascular disease.”
The authors recommend talking to your doctor or a certified dietician to learn more about healthy food choices and for personalized recommendations.
Disclosures: Dr. Hazen has been named as co-inventor on pending and issued patents held by the Cleveland Clinic relating to cardiovascular diagnostics and therapeutics.
Author of the study
Stanley Hazen, MD, PhD, received clinical training in Internal Medicine and subspecialty training in Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism from Barnes/Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO, and a PhD in Biophysical Chemistry and Molecular Biology from Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
He holds multiple leadership positions at the Cleveland Clinic including chair, the Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, co-Section head, Preventive Cardiology & Rehabilitation, Heart, Vascular & Thoracic Institute, and Director, Center for Microbiome & Human Health. Dr. Hazen sees patients within the Preventive Cardiology Clinic specializing in preventive cardiovascular medicine care for patients, including treatment of hyperlipidemia, hypertension, obesity and diabetes.
